Discussing Drug Legalization - 1821 Words

â€Å"Drugs are bad, mkay.† That’s what we’ve come to learn from Mr. Mackey in South Park (Ike’s Wee Wee). While that is known, what is the best way to combat drug use in society today? It is true the government is spending billions of dollars on the â€Å"War on Drugs,† but if they were to be legalized would that be replaced with money being spent on healthcare due to drug related incidents, or drug treatment programs? It is true that a large amount of crime and the prison population are drug related offenders, but would that reduce with drug legalization or would we not see any difference? It is true that there is the pro and con side of this debate, but if drugs were to be legalized what sanctions should be set, if any? It is true that Portugal has decriminalized drugs, but will their experience be a good example of what would come to be if the US were to do the same? Both sides of the debate have a hopeful view of what will ultimately lead us in to the betterment of tomorrow. The issue regarding all drugs being legalized has many facets with positive and negative impacts that make you question where you truly stand on this controversial matter. When it comes to discussing drug legalization it is important to understand why drugs were initially criminalized and the effects they have on the individual, families and society as a whole. Most drugs were actually once used medicinally, legally. Amphetamine was given to World War II soldiers to combat fatigue and prescribed after the warShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Recreational Marijuana1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe legalization of recreational marijuana has recently been a widely debated topic, especially since medical marijuana was legalized in several states. Critics say that cannabis is a Class I drug that has both negative health effects and behavior effects. However, there is minimal evidence to support these claims, and none of the benefits of marijuana are taken into consideration when the arguments are made. The possession and use of recreational marijuana should be legalized in the United StatesRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana: the financial, medical, social, a nd political benefits1349 Words   |  6 PagesGregor ENGL 1102 21 April 2014 Legalization of Marijuana: the financial, social, medical, and political benefits. The legalization of marijuana has been a topic of debate for many years. This may be because of the cultural diversity that the United States of America is known for. Recently, bills were passed in Colorado and Washington to implement the legalization and regulation of recreational marijuana use. These events along with the ever growing popularity of the drug in society, media, and entertainmentRead MoreEssay Steroid Legalization Rebuttal811 Words   |  4 Pageslevel the playing field of professional sports it would be beneficial to legalize the use of performance enhancing drugs. Mr. Smith’s ideals that professional sports would be a fairer, more entertaining version of itself if performance enhancing drugs were legal, is an incredibly irresponsible and impudent declaration. Mr. Smith states â€Å"The primary reason why performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) are outlawed in professional sports is that they give users an unfair advantage over the rest of the field†Read MoreSpeech on Marijuana Legalization1123 Words   |  5 Pages in the USA is that of the legalization of marijuana. This controversial topic is on the minds of our entire country. Whether or not to legalize marijuana has been a nation wide debate for years. In this informative speech I will be discussing only facts and opinions. Opinions and facts will come from organizations such as The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Legalization Organization and the Drug Policy Alliance. Marijuana Legalization is an issue because there areRead MoreLegalize Marijuana; Annotated Bibliography Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesBibliography on the Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal substance in United States and in many other countries; this is a statement that seems to be in each article that is written about the legalization of marijuana. This is a subject that has been up for debate for quite a few years now. There are many people who support the legalization of this drug and are strongly convinced that marijuana is not a drug in which one should be punished for, but rather a drug that shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1341 Words   |  6 Pagesspectrum, many frequent marijuana users are against legalization for the many constraints it will place on their use. The way the states have been regulating the drug disallows anyone under twenty-one to obtain the drug, even for medical needs, and it hinders their ability to drive while the drug is in their system (Evergreen). The stipulations concerning driving will cause inconveniencies for frequent users due to the variations of time in which the drug stays i n a person’s system, often ranging fromRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of The Cannabis Experiment By Daniel Cressey876 Words   |  4 Pagesand its use and uses in America. He further explores things like the negative effects of cannabis and how strong the chemicals cannabis contain are. He then discusses some of the most controversial issues related to cannabis. Those issues are the legalization of cannabis and the medical benefits of cannabis. Cressey effectively convinces his audience that cannabis is becoming more acceptable through the use of research and statistics paired with visual aids. The subject of the article appeals toRead MoreEssay on Douglas N. Husaks A Moral Right to Use Drugs1268 Words   |  6 PagesDouglas N. Husaks A Moral Right to Use Drugs In Douglas N. Husak’s A Moral Right to Use Drugs he attempts to look at drug use from an impartial standpoint in order to determine what is the best legal status for currently illegal drugs. Husak first describes the current legal situation concerning drugs in America, citing figures that show how drug crimes now make up a large percentage of crimes in our country. Husak explains the disruption which this causes within the judicial systemRead More Pro Legalization of Marijuana in the United States Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesnation today, it seems as if the legalization of marijuana is being set on the back burner of legislation. There are so many opinions, sides, and overall arguments for and against it that many vote seeking politicians and policy makers have put up a strong resistance to this issue. In this paper I will illustrate the reasons why I think marijuana should indeed be legalized and also the arguments from people who disagree and feel that it sho uld stay an illegal drug. Marijuana has been around forRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1218 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana legalization would allow for legal distribution and taxation of cannabis as well as decrease expensive enforcement and incarceration costs. Political authorities debate whether legalization or decriminalization is necessary. Derived from the hemp plant called Cannabis sativa, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States (Glauser). Usually smoked in a blunt, joint, or pipe, the dry, shredded brownish-green mix of stems and leaves can be mixed in food, or brewed into

Religious Violence On The Mind Of God - 1240 Words

Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2000, 3rd edition, 319, $25.76, 0-520-24011-1) Religion, as most people would think, offers a beautiful avenue for social harmony bringing members of society together in worship with a common love for one central thing. While many religions exist, all still pertain the idea of a centralized love and worship. Religion though, especially in recent decades, has caused mass violence and hysteria causing tidal wives in chaos across the world. Religious violence has always been a perplexing idea as the belief of committing violence for a religion puzzles society. In Juergensmeyer s Terror in the Mind of God, Juergensmeyer states that religion, not the only cause for violence, offers the â€Å"mores and symbols† that make committing violence in the name of religion occur. Examples from his research into violence belonging to each religion allow him to further comprehend motives that spark terrorist into action. Using the evident similari ty between each religions acts of violence as his inquiry s foundation, Juergensmeyer displays a brilliant understanding of the logic behind religious violence. Juergensmeyer s evaluation on religious violence begins with the its purpose. The word terrorism is derived from the word terror, as that is what terrorism s result is, terror. It is used to catapult society into terror and install fear in civilian’s lives. A question often asked and rarely answered is that, why would someone commit such an actShow MoreRelatedIn This Essay, I Am Going To Challenge The Meaning Of Religion1276 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay, I am going to challenge the meaning of religion and the dimensions that it covers, while discussing several different questions often asked. Is violence in the world due to religion and non-religious people? People often argue that violence from others is because they are not religious. Instead of concluding that violence and religion are indeed related, what c an we do to promote peace and find ways to make things right in the world we live in. People often use religion to comfortRead MoreDoes Religion Cause War? Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has its shares of promoting violence. Many will argue that a cause of religion wars is for economic and political reasons, but others argue that those who start wars are, by definition, not religious. In reality, separating religion out of economic and political motives can be involved in such a way finding religious motives innocent of much. Excuses for Christianity responsibilities cannot be accepted whether the person has misappropriated the message of Christ. The primarily set of doctrinesRead MoreThe Conversion Of The Jews By Philip Roth1434 Words   |  6 Pages In the short story, The Conversion of the Jews, Philip Roth discusses the constant oppressive behaviour that religious figures have, and the rebellious attitudes of the youth. Rabbi Binder is a one sided person who is never open to the views of others. He sees Ozzie Freedman, the questionable protagonist of th e story, as his mission to enforce religion and to never allow free thought. Philip Roth points out the hypocrisy of religion in his short story, The Conversion of the Jews, where he showsRead MoreFaith Based On Belief Of Religion1675 Words   |  7 Pagesfor many people. It is also hard to imagine a world without the incredible religious art and music. The teachings and culture can help lift up people to live a better, more fulfilling and more selfless life. Billions of people, around the world, practice a religion with the hope that they will reap the benefits of their devotion. There are many other reasons why people believe but truly the main reasons people are religious is due to the default way that they were raised, social reasons, fear, andRead MoreIslamic Terrorism And Religious Terrorism1528 Words   |  7 PagesReligious terrorism is regularly portrayed as demonstrations of unreasonable, silly and indiscriminate violence, along these lines offering few, if any what real ly spur religious terrorism measures. This presumption about religious terrorism comes from different nations, groups and individual’s. Unbalanced regard for prophetically catastrophic terrorism, and an absence of qualification between religious terrorism and its mainstream partner. This article, in this manner, expects to do four things:Read MoreEssay Viewing Terrorism through Social Psychology1286 Words   |  6 Pages Acts of terrorism are becoming increasingly common in todays society. From the frequent suicide bombings in Israel, the recent violence in the Russian village of Beslan, to the attacks on the world trade centers on September the eleventh of 2001 that so violently shook the world; terrorism is rarely far from our minds. Terrorist groups have a variety of aims, acts of revenge, politics, but by far the most common, and arguably most disturbing reason for these actions is religion. It is exceptionallyRead MoreShould Public Schools Begin The Day With A Silent Prayer Time?870 Words   |  4 Pagespublic schools are funded by the tax payers, who are not all religious. Others say that prayer should be allowed in public schools because it would acknowledge the religious and spiritual heritage of America, and that it would improve the school environment and society. For these simple reasons, beginning the day with a silent prayer time should be allowed and encouraged. Those opposed to silent prayer, argue that not all tax payers believe in God, so atheists would dislike school more, and they may feelRead MoreTerror Of The Mind Of God1717 Words   |  7 Pages Terror in the Mind of God In the first chapter of Terror in the Mind of God it goes over a few terrorist incident examples. There were ethnic shootings in California and Illinois, attack on american embassies, abortion clinic bombings and other terrorist acts. All of these incidents and other violent attacks are associated with American religious extremists. So these are attacks by groups named Christian Militia, The Christian Identity Movement and Christian Anti-abortion activists. For many peopleRead MoreReligion Is The Cause Of Recent Suicide Terrorist Attacks Around The World Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesculture has jumped to an easy and apparent conclusion that seeking to eliminate terrorism means realizing the motivations of the terrorists. The perpetrators of most of these terrorist attack, have all claimed motivation from their religion. However, religious beliefs and opinions plays a significant role in the lives of individuals as they deal with concerns affecting their societies. Religions teache s about vital aspect on believers’ lives and make available a significant vision for it, which alwaysRead MoreMy Religion Does Not Control Me1175 Words   |  5 Pagesatheist who had a bounty on his head from the Islamic state for years; he is known for his writing against religion. Paul wrote the first epistle of Corinthian, which was directed towards the, â€Å"the church of God,† in Corinth, Greece; he wrote about how love has do with the individual not God. These authors contradict each other’s claim: Doctorow disproves Rushdie’s claim with religion causes freedom to restricted and people being close- mined; Rushdie disproves Corinthian claim that God’s love is

Music God is Dead Essay Example For Students

Music God is Dead? Essay Music in this generation is very bombastic. They have almost no meaning or are mainly about three things: sex, drugs, and weed. Whatever happened to the songs that actually had meaning? What happened to being able to connect with a song because you can relate to it? Yeah sure, some people can relate to the music from this generation but it is all very circumlocutory. For example, rap. Rap can be considered as a voluble3 genre. I must admit, however, that some rap music is verbose and gets their message across quite eloquently. Although, the majority of rap has to do with sex, drugs, or weed. Personally, in my opinion, rap is a coloquial genre. Some rappers tend to ramblingly7 rap about subjects that have no meaning or are not important. I see no point in this. What has the music industry gotten to? Where is it headed?   Rock ‘n’ roll, however, is not a digressive8 genre. People think that rock ‘n’ roll artists prattle9 too much in their songs. Yes, some songs are quite long but that doesn’t mean it’s meaningless or uninteresting. Now, I might be a garrulous10 person when it comes to rock ‘n’ roll but I am entitled to my opinion as every other human being on this planet. Some may consider this as a rant11 but I am just stating my opinion and beliefs. One of my personal favourite songs is â€Å"God Is Dead?† by Black Sabbath. My mum always wonders why I don’t like songs that are loquacious12. She strongly dislikes this song and she does not like me listening to it. I, on the other hand, do not like her listening to her music but I’m not going to stop her from listening to it just because I dislike it. Anyways, â€Å"God Is Dead?† is a meaningful song. People think that it’s meant to offend Christianity but it’s really not. If people weren’t so ignorant and actually did research on the song, they might actually like it. Ozzy Osbourne came up with the idea for the song. He was in someone’s office and happened to come across a magazine that had the words â€Å"God Is Dead† sprawled on it. Those three words caused him to ponder on how many things are caused by religion. He thought of how 9/11 was caused by religion. Many people die because of religion. As Ozzy Osbourne said, â€Å"You would think by now their God would stop people dying in the name of. So I just thought, people must think there aint a God, God is dead.† I completely agree with this statement. You’d think that people’s God would prevent all the malice in this world. You’d think that He would stop people from dying because of their religion. If such a God existed, why do we inhabit such a dark world? This song grandiloquently13 diffuses14 its message in such a way that causes controversy when in reality, it’s supposed to make you think and wonder, is there a God? If so, why is there so much malice in the world? Why do people do terrible things in the name of religion? You start to question yourself when you see something horrible like people killing each other with bombs, or blowing up places. You start to think, â€Å"Is there a God? Does He exist?† You look at the world around you and you wonder, â€Å"Is God really dead?† There is a part in the song that goes: â€Å"Do you believe a word? What the Good Book said? Or is it just a holy fairy-tale And God is dead? God is dead . . . I don’t believe that God is dead.† .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 , .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .postImageUrl , .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 , .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:hover , .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:visited , .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:active { border:0!important; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:active , .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79 .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cfb4dc3545ea5814a5c646e4ae48a79:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music Appraisal EssayAt first, he answers his questions by repeating the words â€Å"God is dead† but in the end of the song, he finishes with, â€Å"I don’t believe that God is dead.† It also raises the question of evil. How can this world, according to Christians, can be so evil if it was created by an all-loving God? If people are killing other people, how can there be a God? If there are priests molesting young kids, how can there be a God? Rhetorically15, this song is not a means to offend anyone’s religion or God. It’s simply a means to make you think. Some people think its offensive because the title says â€Å"God Is Dead?† The title has a question mark, making it a question, not a statement. Most people just look at the title and think it’s trying to offend them, but maybe they should actually listen to the song and realize that it’s not actually trying to. Personally, I do not believe there is a God. I’ve been through so many terrible things, more than most people, and I find it hard to believe that God would let a person deal with so much pain. That He would let so many dreadful things happen to one person in just sixteen years. There’s only so much pain I can handle, that anyone can handle. Now, the question you need to ask yourself is: do you believe that God is dead?

International Court of Justice in Hague

International Court of Justice (I.C.J.) is situated in the Peace Place Hague, Netherlands.Its main role is to get to the bottom of legal arguments presented by countries that are members of the United Nations (UN) and also give counsel to legal matters presented by international organizations and UN general assembly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Court of Justice in Hague specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More ICJ is not the sole international court. There is another international court that is also situated in Hague Netherlands and its called International Criminal Court (ICC). This court operates as an independent entity towards prosecuting people who are found guilty of causing public unrests that may lead to death. The ICJ is made up of 15 judges who are appointed by the UN Security Council and the general assembly and their tenure lasts for a period of nine years but it can be extended to include t wo more terms. These appointments are held after every three years (Pieter, 2003). According to Statute of the International Court of Justice, the ICJ is accorded powers to create its own policies (UN Documents, n.d). All cases brought to the ICJ are handled in same way. The Rules of the international court of justice dictates the procedure of ICJ similar to those of the supreme court of Canada, where a complaint is filed by an applicant and in return the accused party too files its own version. The United States Supreme court is similar to the World Court, with the President being termed as Chief Justice. If a respondent country does not want to surrender to the jurisdiction of the court it can request for a point of objection. The objections should be filed before the proceedings commence. The court then designates a public hearing to consider the objections presented by the respondent and gives a verdict at the end of that hearing. Jurisdiction of the ICJ depends on the eagerness of the countries involved in a dispute to cooperate and participate in solving their problems. Conformity with ICJ is therefore voluntary. Burton (2005) argues that in many situations objections are caused by the absence of all concerned parties. The objections are also reserved to be considered in a public hearing. The verdict of the court favors the party that has presented the most sound and convincing statement with regard to the problem at hand. In a situation where the third state welfare is in jeopardy, they may be allowed to intervene on the court’s verdict. The court has the authority to grant or deny such grant. The court then gives its verdict based on the judgment of the majority and there is no appeal once a verdict has been given. The judges can air their personal ruling but they must conform to the aims of the court.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All members of the UN are subject to this court and therefore the state that is being accused and the accusing state must be members of the United Nations. In contentious disputes the court grants a fair verdict with the aim of promoting unity between the offending and the accusing states. Pieter (2003) explains that these contentious issues do not involve individuals, or corporate entities. An advisory opinion is an occasion that’s limited to certain UN bodies and agencies. During this occasion the ICJ invites countries that might provide relevant information. These countries are selected by looking at their exposure in judicial issues they provide counsel in solving complex legal issues. There are various sources of international law. First, the court gives its verdict in reference to international conventions and customs and also the general elements of law that are acknowledged by civilized countries. Materials written by renowned publicists of various nations can also be us ed to provide guidelines in handling international disputes. Second, the court uses the principle laws set by civilized countries in the formulation of its jurisdiction. Third, treaties act as the basis of forming laws understandable to many countries because treaties involve principles which consider the consent of all parties (Australian Government, n.d). The court can also compare its previous verdicts in arriving at a decision if the current dispute has been handled before by the court in the past. It’s very common to have a dispute of the same kind occurring more than once between different countries. This does not mean the court’s verdicts are always based on previous verdicts of the same issue. Section 36(1) explains how the court can receive cases from countries based on special agreements between the countries concerned. This is very important because the accuser and the accused are ready to solve their issues otherwise if it’s only one state thatâ€⠄¢s ready to cooperate with ICJ, solving the dispute is almost impossible. Section 36(2) allows countries to declare their acknowledgement of the ICJ jurisdiction (UN Documents, n.d). This acknowledgement is sometimes irrelevant because conformity with ICJ is voluntary. References Australian Government (n.d). Treaties in the Global Environment: Sources of International Law – The Place of Treaties. Web. Burton, B. (2005).Australia, East Timor strike oil, gas deal. Asia Times, 2005.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Court of Justice in Hague specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pieter, H.F.B. (2003).The UN General Assembly Requests a World Court Advisory Opinion on Israel’s Separation Barrier. American society of International law Insights. UN Documents. (n.d). Statute of the International Court of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.un-documents.net/icj-s.htm This essay on International Court of Justice in Hague was written and submitted by user Ka1lyn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beauty Is Better Than Brains Essay Example

Beauty Is Better Than Brains Essay Thank you Madame Speaker, accurate time keeper, honourable adjudicators, my worthy opponents and members of this house. Assalamualaikum and good morning to all. I, as the second speaker of the government team am glad to be standing here today to continue from what my fist minister had left off and give views of our motion for today’s debate. And we, as the government team, totally agree with today’s motion. Without a doubt we believe that beauty is more important than brain. Members of this house, Before I go on with my crystal clear points, let me first rebut the points given by the second minister from the opposition’s team. The second minister had mentioned that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We, as the government team does not agree with this point because†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ladies and gentlemen, Human nature tends to see beautiful things. Even when it comes to people, first outlook will be a judge, perception, it’s where people tend to do judgement and first analysing of your personalityu before it comes to brain or intelectual. this is important as it effecs the attitude of people towards him /her. In today’s modern world, people who has beauty but not brainy enough can also live a luxorious life. In fact, some of them makes more money than a typical doctor gets monthly. For an example, Siti Nurhaliza only have her SPM. She didn’t further her studies to any local or overseas universities. Yet she makes tons of money and is already a millionaire before she even got Dato’ K. siti nurhaliza isn’t just famous in Malaysia, she is also famous throughout other foreign countries. Does Indonesia knows Doctor Sabri who works in a clinic at Sungai Dua? I think not. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty Is Better Than Brains specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty Is Better Than Brains specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty Is Better Than Brains specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Carnivorous Plants

Carnivorous Plants Carnivorous plants are plants that capture, kill, and digest animal organisms. Like all plants, carnivorous plants are capable of photosynthesis. Since they usually live in areas where the soil quality is poor, they must supplement their diet with nutrients gained from digesting animals. Like other flowering plants, carnivorous plants use tricks to entice insects. These plants have developed specialized leaves that work to lure and then trap unsuspecting insects. Key Takeaways Carnivorous plants are plants that have the ability to eat animal organisms. These highly specialized plants are able to both lure and trap insects.The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is the most well known of the carnivorous plants. They live in wet areas such as bogs and swamps.Sundews are covered in tentacles. Their tentacles make a sticky dew-like substance that attracts insects.Bladderworts are plants that dont have roots and are often found in aquatic areas and in areas with wet soil. They capture insects via a trapdoor.Other examples of carnivorous plants include tropical pitcher plants and North American pitcher plants. There are several genera of carnivorous plants and hundreds of carnivorous plant species. Here are some of my favorite genera of carnivorous plants: Flytraps - Dionaea muscipula Dionaea muscipula, also known as the Venus flytrap, is probably the most well known of the carnivorous plants. Insects are lured into the mouth-like leaves by nectar. Once an insect enters the trap it touches tiny hairs on the leaves. This sends impulses through the plant triggering the leaves to close. Glands located in the leaves release enzymes that digest the prey and the nutrients are absorbed by the leaves. Flies, ants, and other bugs are not the only animals that the flytrap may snare. Frogs and other small vertebrates may sometimes become trapped by the plant as well. Venus flytraps live in wet, nutrient-poor environments, such as bogs, wet savannas, and swamps. Sundews - Drosera Sundew feeding on a green lacewing. Reinhard Dirscherl/WaterFrame/Getty Images Plus Species of plants from the genus Drosera are called Sundews. These plants live in wet biomes, including marshes, bogs, and swamps. Sundews are covered with tentacles that produce a sticky dew-like substance that glitters in the sunlight. Insects and other small creatures are attracted to the dew and become stuck when they land on the leaves. The tentacles then close around the insects and digestive enzymes break down the prey. Sundews typically capture flies, mosquitoes, moths, and spiders. Tropical Pitchers - Nepenthes Plant species from the genus Nepenthes are known as Tropical Pitcher plants or Monkey Cups. These plants are typically found in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. The leaves of pitcher plants are brightly colored and shaped like pitchers. Insects are lured to the plant by the bright colors and nectar. The inside walls of the leaves are covered with waxy scales that make them very slippery. Insects may slip and fall to the bottom of the pitcher where the plant secretes digestive fluids. Large pitcher plants have been known to trap small frogs, snakes, and even birds. North American Pitchers - Sarracenia Species from the genus Sarracenia are called North American Pitcher plants. These plants inhabit grassy marshes, swamps, and other wetlands. The leaves of Sarracenia plants are also shaped like pitchers. Insects are lured to the plant by nectar and may slip from the edge of the leaves and fall to the bottom of the pitcher. In some species, the insects die when they drown in water that has accumulated at the bottom of the pitcher. They are then digested by enzymes that are released into the water. Bladderworts - Utricularia Utricularia australis (bladderwort). Paul Starosta/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images Plus Species of Utricularia are known as Bladderworts. The name comes from the tiny sacs, which resemble bladders, that are located on the stems and leaves. Bladderworts are rootless plants found in aquatic areas and in wet soil. These plants have a trapdoor mechanism for capturing prey. The sacs have a small membrane cover that acts as a door. Their oval shape creates a vacuum that sucks in tiny insects when they trigger hairs that are located around the door. Digestive enzymes are then released inside the sacs to digest the prey. Bladderworts consume aquatic invertebrates, water fleas, insect larvae, and even small fish. More About Carnivorous Plants For more information about carnivorous plants, take a look at the Carnivorous Plant Database and The Carnivorous Plant FAQ. Sources Reece, Jane B., and Neil A. Campbell. Campbell Biology. Benjamin Cummings, 2011.

She v. Her Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

She v. Her - Assignment Example For example, when a gay employee who hits on another employee of the same gender who isn’t gay. In the video clip, two employees working in the same department, Cara who is gay hits on Alisha who isn’t gay. They are the same gender. This is illegal because Alisha is being forced to work in an offensive, intimidating, hostile, humiliating, and sexually offensive work environment. According to the law, same-sex sexual harassment is forbidden under state law in spite of the sexual orientation of the parties. In this scenario, Cara is hitting on Alisha and its making her comfortable. On one hand, the courts have to conclude that a victim need not say or do a particular thing to indicate unwelcomeness. But it’s kind of odd or unexpected because it is the same type of behavior that if it was coming from a guy towards Alisha and she is feeling uncomfortable, I consider that as sexual harassment because it is â€Å"unwelcoming† for Alisha. Things like Cara putting her arms around Alisha, hugging her, leaning way down and putting her face way too close when they are looking at something on Alisha’s monitor while complementing on her outfit, how it makes her body look can be considered as sexual harassment because of the sexual advancements towards Alisha. Alisha can’t be blamed for feeling uncomfortable, any sanctions prohibiting Cara to stay away from Alisha can’t be laid down because they work in the same work environment and department and must have contact, this does not justify Cara to harass Alisha sexually out of her free will. If I brought that issue upon Cara, she can be bent out of shape because she would think I have a problem with her being gay because it will be out of her choice to be gay. Many people if asked to choose between Cara and Alisha’s sexual lifestyle, many would take Alisha’s side and move on. This situation cannot be let go off easily because touching someone in a nonsexual way

Demonstrative Communication Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Demonstrative Communication Paper - Essay Example It also reveals how people relate to each other. Nonverbal or demonstrative communication accounts for about 93 percent of people’s communication. Types of demonstrative communication Demonstrative communication involves different types of communication. Facial expressions contribute a large portion to people’s communication. For instance, a smile or a frown can communicate a lot of information to the receiver. People throughout the world use facial expressions to express happiness, sadness, anger, and fear. Gestures also contribute to non-verbal communication. These are movements and signals that that provide meaning during communication. Their meanings can be more important than words. Paralinguistic can also convey a lot of information during communication. These mainly involve the use of vocal communication such as tone of voice, loudness, and pitch. The type of vocal variation in a particular conveyance of information can bring out a different meaning depending on the context. Body language and posture can also convey a lot of information. Such nonverbal behaviors can indicate feelings and other communication cues. Demonstrative communication may start at an early stage in human development when people start to point at things. The making of gestures by small kids may be a start point for learning demonstrative communication in life. ... 470). Effective and ineffective demonstrative communication Depending on the context, demonstrative communication can be effective or ineffective. The effectiveness of demonstrative communication varies differently between the sender and the receiver. Demonstrative communication involves understanding the feeling of each stakeholder in the communication. There has to be an understanding between the sender and the receiver. Demonstrative communication can be very effective especially for teachers. Their line of work dictates that the teacher has to make the students understand whatever he/she is teaching. The best method to increase students understanding is the use of demonstrative communication in addition to verbal communication while teaching. Demonstrative communication can be very effective depending on the context at hand. For example, facial expressions can be very effective in warning kids. Whenever a kid does something wrong, it is common for parents to give the kids an angr y kind of look. Instantly, the kid stops doing the wrong thing. Such a scenario demonstrates the effectiveness of facial expressions in communicating to kids. Ineffective communication occurs when the speaker uses the wrong nonverbal message to deliver certain information. For instance, using hand gesture to point to a certain direction when the intention was to point to the opposite direction. Wrong choice of nonverbal message can send a different message to the audience. This may make the audience to perceive a different message from the intended Positive and negative effects of demonstrative communication The perception of demonstrative communication can be positive or negative depending on how the receiver. For instance, picture a company meeting where everyone is

Fields of dreams Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fields of dreams - Movie Review Example This film’s theme was about a man’s search for his father. He hears heavenly voices, develops a field of baseball on faith and converses with famous dead players who appear to be angels. In the film, Terence Mann tells Ray Kinsella that crowds will come, because they have money and lack peace. He also states that the crowds can even dip themselves, just like a religious rite, in magic waters (Wood et al, 70- 72). Both the Natural and Field of Dreams show how baseball is redemptive. In The Natural, Roy Hobbs, in his journey of becoming the â€Å"best there ever was†, experiences a short fall when his career is ended before he achieves his dream. Through baseball, however, sixteen years later, he comes back and manages to redeem himself by achieving his dreams and being able to fulfill his role as a patriarchal family figure. This is also demonstrated in Field of Dreams, whereby the voice of Ray’s dad drives Ray to generate this illogical field as is brought out through the personification of the Voice. However, it represents a space whereby ghosts from the past can come back from the purgatory of a cornfield to be with the present-day people (Wood et al, 72). 2. Hearing plays a very important role in Field of Dreams. Ray Kinsella, played by Kevin Costner, creates the ball field for Joe, the â€Å"Shoeless Joe†. ... This happens also because a voice had instructed him so. Compared to the role of sound in The Exorcist, while in Field of Dreams hearing is excellently used to build more on the theme of the film, this is not the case in the Exorcist. In the Exorcist, sound is several decibels higher compared to the visuals, which augments the tension of the audience. When for example, Regan is brought in the foreground, as she listens to her mother, the sound of the voice of Chris is shrill and piercing. In Field of Dreams, cause-and-effect is demonstrated by Costner’s clear view of his logic supporting his intuition. Having a clear vision of the cause-effect judgment behind his intuition, Kevin Costner followed his instincts and then went on to take action to ensure things happened to keep the farm. Costner says â€Å"If we build it, then they will come.† This quote is about a principle that is profound for not just Costner but for the film as well. At the time he was saying the words , the farm was in foreclosure, which makes it justifiable to presume that the higher objective was to save the farm. It is this goal of saving the farm that focused his project, and ended up contributing to the objective of using baseball to reconnect with his father (Baltov, p. 40). 3. Imagination plays a very important role in the discussion of God. Imagination answers the question of how people can begin to perceive God. The most appropriate manner of trying to perceive God is using our minds that are limitless; our imagination. Imagination is limitless and beyond the primitive logic of people, which makes it important when discussing God. Worth noting is that coincidentally, God is described in the same way, a limitless way. When forming an image of God, it is important that

Development of Accounting Systems in China

Development of Accounting Systems in China Abstract This report put the accounting development in China into perspective. Describe the history and changes in the accounting environment of China during the recent economic reforms by using the Greys (1988) accounting value to analyzing the culture impact on accounting systems development in China, and then, illustrate the institutional and environmental factors which driven Chinas accounting system made changes, the reasons of those changes and then describes the major problem in Chinas accounting development as well as to point out whether would be changes in the future. Introduction This report is aim to describe the development of accounting system in China, including the history of Chinas accounting except Hong Kong, the one country, two systems policy allowed Hong Kong remain its market-led capitalist system. Then, it would describe the traditional use of accounting and the factors that influenced Chinas accounting development as well as what the changes it has made what the major problems that China has face in developing the accounting system. Then, it would discuss whether China would have further changes of accounting system in the future in my opinion. There has a conclusion in the end. Country profile China had more than 1.34 billion population at the end of 2010. National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced Chinas GDP reaching 39.79 trillion yuan (approximately 6.04 trillion US dollars) over the course of 2010. (Du Xiaodan, 2011 Paul Pennay, 2011) Brief history of  accounting in China According to Zhang Guohua (2005), Chinas economy has undergone three periods of change since 1949: 1949- 1978: a socialist, centrally controlled, planned economy. 1979- 1992: socialist commodity economy. 1992- present: socialist market economy. Chinas accounting system has changed with the economy, almost like the period of the Chinas economy. Development of accounting systems can generally be divided into the four stages: (more detailed information of Chinas accounting history can be found in Appendix 1.) 1949-1978 was the first stage which the uniform accounting system and the 1978-1992, Chinas accounting system has during the transition and the construction. Then, from 1992 to 1997, the construction of a new accounting system has issued. The fourth period is from 1997 to present. The ASC was set up in October 1998 by the Ministry of Finance to oversee the development of a complete set of Chinese GAAP. In order to join in the WTO, Chinas accounting standards made some change to closer to IFRS/IASs. The new Chinese Accounting Standards were adopted by all listed companies from 1 January 2007. Chinese Accounting Standards will continue to be updated in line with IFRS developments. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005 The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, 2010) Traditional use in China The basic function of financial accounting is to accounting and monitoring. With the founding of the PRC in 1949, all resources of production in the country came under State ownership. Accounting was primarily used for establishing information and reporting system for the implementation of national economic policies and resource allocation in the planned economy. (InterChina, 2009) The objectives of financial reporting system have been stated to serves one user primarily, the government, and then it is stated very broadly to strengthen accounting work of share enterprise, to protect the legitimate interest of investors and creditorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ministry of Finance, 1992).The change in industry and ownership specific accounting system is due to the need of macroeconomic planning require a uniform system. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000) During the developing of accounting system, there are a number of users makes use of accounting in different purpose. Such as Shareholders use accounts to examine the health of business, and the dividends that they can expect to make. The bank may use the account to see how much loan they would provide for the company, and government would see the how much tax the company needs to pay. The main use for accounting is to comply with legal and other requirements, to provide information for stakeholders about financial performance and viability, to provide managers with information for decision making and to provide a structure to business activity based on the careful processing of numerical data. (The Times 100, n.d) The cultural factor that influenced its development The development of accounting was influenced by both cultural and environmental factors. They shape the accounting system in China. As Merino (cited in Carnegie and Napier, 2002) mentioned, All source material must be viewed as a reflection of the culture. The transition from a communist economy to a capitalist market economy can summarize as contributed by the factors as politic, culture, as well as the reform of social and economic or regional and international integration. Before economic reform, Chinas communist culture (See appendix 2) has strongly influence all the means of accounting control, whether accounting plans, balance sheets, and income statements or, in a wider sense, audit techniques. (Cigdem Solas and Sinan Ayhan, 2008) all the surpluses were owned by the state. A table (See appendix 3) summarizes the information on the difference between capitalist and communist systems, and issues raised for examination regarding their reflection in accounting. The transitions of the culture and economy reform were both influence the accounting system in China. For example, the concept of profit is meaningless under communist culture due to the panned economy which the surplus goes to government. In capitalism culture, the economic entity would need to have a certain type of boundary; the profit is one of its results. Particular rules for payment of the various parties involved would also be required, and monetary assessments of economic flows registered would have to be at least partly based on market mechanisms. Its status as a measurement of a single entitys performance presumes that there is a capacity for free enterprise do not existing in communist economic structures. Greys (1988) model derived accounting values from studies of societal value dimensions by Hofstede (1984), and Greys model has been used to analyse the cultural impact on accounting development in China. Professionalism V Statutory Chinas accounting system is strongly controlled by state rather than professional. The state closely controlled all enterprises by centralized plans. The profession is also still relatively new, small and powerless and it is currently occupied with the problems involved in meeting the new audit requirements. And it is unlikely to give up this power to a professional body so far. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) This is mainly because the strong power distance in China. In China, power is unquestioned, no matter it is right or wrong, the accountants in China cannot rely on their professional view. Uniformity V Flexibility Due to the special circumstances, China has a dual approach which retained a uniform accounting system in the Accounting System for Business Enterprises (ASBE) while also developing accounting standards based on IFRS. Enterprises have no judgment at all on how to account for particular transactions or events according to the uniform system. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) It is just as the same as the statutory in China, the accountants has been regulated by the uniform accounting regulation, they have to do as the regulation told to. Conservatism V Optimism The accounting system in China is conservatism rather than optimism. The Accounting System illustrate that an enterprise should fulfill the requirements of the prudence concept. Including, an enterprise should not overstate assets or revenue, or understate liabilities or expenses. It should not provide for any hidden reserve. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) which means Chinas accounting system has high level of uncertainly avoidance. Chinese government likes to plan everything in advance just the five years plan, they do not want to see something happen unexpected due to the complex situation. Secrecy V Transparency Chinas accounting system has highly secrecy due to the large power distance and strong uncertain avoidance. The collectivist culture of China require the enterprise offer their information to the society but within a range of narrative disclosure which stated in ASBE 2001. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) only related people can see the accounting information such as the managers, shareholders and the government officers. This feature is due to Chinas prudent culture, it is different as the western country but it is totally consistent with Chinas situation. Problems for using the Greys model There have some problems by using either Hofsteade model or Greys model to analyzing Chinas situation. Those models has been stated many years ago, in addition, China is rapid development in every aspects those years, therefore, the model may not be 100% appropriate with the situation nowadays. Another problem is China is really big; there has huge gap between west area and east area no matter in economy or culture. Institutional and Environmental factors There are several environmental factors which influence accounting system in China. Economic and enterprise reforms have influence the financial reports by change of the contents, format and uses. Enterprises in China are no longer relying on fund appropriation instead of independence in their operational and financing activities. Banking and financing system has restructured, therefore, the role of the state as a source of funds has been reduced. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000) Furthermore, various forms of business combinations with joint ownership have emerged (Tang et al, 1992). The rigid, fund-orientated and industry/ownership specific financial reporting system and practices are no longer well-matched the changing business environment. As a result, a universal and user-oriented financial reporting system is necessary to meets the needs of the economic reform. Due to the economic factors, the Objectives of Financial Reporting has made some change as well as the Industry and Ownership Specific Accounting System. Furthermore, foreign investment started to influence Chinas accounting system since the open-doors policy. The increasing of foreign direct investment and international business transaction driven China change its accounting system close to international accounting and report standard. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000) The legal factors have been influenced by other factors. The government system is one of the legal factors. The new accounting regulation system (See Appendix 3) is being developed towards a legal one. The National Peoples Congress issued the first tier accounting law in 1985 and revised in 1993 and 1999. It is the basic law of accounting in China as well as the basis of Chinas accounting work and other related accounting regulations. The State Council and Ministry of Finance formulated second tier- the executive regulations which form conceptual framework and general principles of accounting. The third tier authorized by the PRC Accounting Law and formulated by the Ministry of Finance. (Zhang Guohua, 2005) The legal framework for Chinas accounting system and reporting standards have changed step by step to fulfill the need of economy development. Another driving force for the accounting change is the development of capital market. In 1990 and 1991, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange were established. The development of capital market has influenced Chinese accounting change toward to a capital market-oriented system. Therefore, the structure, content, format, and disclosure of financial information have been significantly influenced by the needs of the capital market. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000) Problems occurred in development There also appeared some problem during the Chinas accounting systems development and transition into international accounting standard. First is that Chinese accounting system and IAS requiring different practices; for example, inventory must be valued at historical costs under Chinese GAAP, but at the lower of cost and market (LOCAM) under IAS. Another example is accounting for long-term investment. Chinese GAAP offers companies a free choice between cost and equity methods if their investments in shares do not exceed 50 percent. But in other words, differences between Chinas accounting system and IAS can be reduced by changing accounting standards. (Charles J. P Chen, Ferdinand A. Gui and Xijia Su, 1999) Second, to implementation of IAS requires professional judgment from management as well as auditors. Professional independence and implement of standards have been identified as the two critical issues in international auditing. (Stamp and Moonitz, 1982) The severe shortage of qua lified accountants and auditors in China delay the development of professional auditing (Winkle et al. 1994; Graham 1996) Further changes The development of Chinas accounting system needs to fit Chinas special circumstance. It is impossible to expect independent/professional auditing to be achievable in China in the future. This implies that the proposed accounting standards will have to operate without independent/professional auditing. It is likely that the flexibility in the detailed accounting standards will provide opportunities for managers to engage in aggressive earnings management, reducing, even eliminating the probability of showing a true and fair view. Therefore, the lack of independent/professional auditing can neutralize the objective of prudence and turn the flexibility into a land of opportunities for earnings exploitation. (Bing Xiang, 1998) In my opinion, there has a trend, which the Chinas accounting system would slightly change towards to the international accounting system in the future, but would never be exactly the same with the international accounting system because of Chinas special circumst ance like one-party policy, different situation in different area, huge power distance and not so easy to managing the big land of China. Conclusion In conclusion, China has undergone profound changes in recent years, not only the economic system but also the accounting standards. China has moved from a system of public ownership of all enterprises to a mixed system with increasing private ownership of both small and large companies. There have many factors such as cultural and institutional factors which led to those changes as well as some problem which hold the change back, but Chinas accounting system would still change towards to the IAS due to the requirement of economic development. References Bing, X., (1998) Institutional Factors Influencing Chinas Accounting Reforms and Standards. Accounting Horizons. 12(2) pp: 105-119. Carnegie, G.D. and Napier, C.J., (2002) Exploring Comparative International Accounting History, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 15(5). pp 689-718. Chen, J. P., Gui, A.F., and Su, X., (1999) A Comparison of Reported Earnings Under Chinese GAAP vs. IAS: Evidence from the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Accounting Horizons. 13(2) pp: 91-111. Chiapello, E., and Ding,Y., (2005) Searching for The Accounting Features of Capitalism: An Illustration with Economic Transition Process in China, SASE, Budapest. Chow, L.M., Chau, G.K. and Gray, S.J. (1995) Accounting reforms in China: cultural constraints on implementation and development, Accounting and Business Research, 26(1): 29-49. Du, X., (2011) China has 1.34 billion populations by 2010. [WWW] Xinhua NEWS. Available from: http://english.cntv.cn/20110228/109748.shtml [Assessed 1/3/2011] Graham, L., (1996). Setting a research agenda for auditing issues in the Peoples Republic of China. The International Journal of Accounting. 31(1). pp: 19-37. InterChina, (2009) Accounting in China. InterChina Consulting. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, (2010) Chinese accounting reform: Towards a principles-based global regime. ISBN: 978-1-904574-62-0. Edinburgh: Technical Policy Board of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS). Ministry of Finance, Chinese Government, (1992). Accounting system for foreign investment enterprises. Pennay, P., (2011) Chinas GDP Increased by 10.3% in 2010. [WWW] the Economic Observer online. Available from: http://www.eeo.com.cn/ens/homepage/briefs/2011/01/20/191877.shtml [Assessed 1/3/2011] Roberts, C., Weetman, P., and Gordon, P., (2008) International Corporate Reporting: A Comparative Approach. 4th ed. FT Prentice Hall. Stamp, E., and Moonitz, M., (1982). International Auditing Standards: Part I. CPA Journal. pp 24-32. Solas, S., and Ayhan, S., (2008) The Historical Evolution of Accounting in China (Novissima Sinica): Effects of Culture (2nd Part). Spanish Journal of Accounting History. No.8 pp: 138-163. Tang, Q.L., (2000) Accounting Reforms in China: A Transition from State Plan and Control-Oriented System to Capital Market-Oriented System. Managerial Finance. 26(5) pp: 80-99. Tang, Y., Chow, L., and Cooper, B., (1992). Accounting and Finance in China: A review of current practice. Hong Kong: Longman. The Times 100, (n.d.) Accounting Functions. [WWW] The Times 100. Available from: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryaccounting-functions111.php [Assessed 2/3/2011] Wang, B.Z., Huang, J.Y., Wang, B.Q., (2009) Change of Accounting System Review. Communication of Finance and Accounting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ NG. Issue6. Winkle, G., Huss, H., and Chen, X., (1994). Accounting standards in the Peoples Republic of China: Responding to economic reforms. Accounting Horizons. Issue: 8. pp: 48-57. Zhang, G., (2005) Environmental factors in Chinas financial accounting since 1949. Netherland: Erasmus University Rotterdam. Appendix 1 History of accounting systems development in China Chinas accounting history can be traced back 2000 years ago. The word accounting first appeared in Western Zhou Dynasty à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 11th century BC to 770 BCà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), Account book appeared for recording the annual fiscal revenues. The basic traditional Chinese accounting theory such as the scientific bookkeeping method and the four pillars accounts was created in Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279). A new method called Long Men Zhang which is similar to the double-entry bookkeeping method has created in Ming Dynasty (AD1369-1644). Single-entry bookkeeping has been used in prior to 1911. (Zhang Guohua, 2005) Since 1949, Development of accounting systems can generally be divided into the four stages: First stage is from 1949 to 1978: 1949-1952 a unified accounting system of affiliated enterprises was developed by the central government. 1958-1959, the accounting system has been severely damaged by the scholasticism thinking, some people claimed to simplify the accounting system. 1960 to 1966, due to economic development, people realized the importance of accounting. Critical theorists illustrated the error approach of simplify the accounting system, then, the accounting system design work has received attention. Furthermore, the industry-specific regulation has been issued. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005) Second stage is from 1978 to 1992: Chinas accounting has undergone drastic changes due to the opening-up and beginning of reform. 1979-1922, Enterprises started to issue equity shares in 1984. The number of Sino-foreign joint venture has increased; Ministry of Finance has issued the Laws on Sino- foreign Joint Venture to solve the problem of difficult of foreign staff in accounting and use the accounting information. These included a joint venture income tax law and laws on contracts and foreign exchange. Accounting Regulations for Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures and Charts of Account and Accounting Statements for Industrial Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures has issued in 1985 which is the first accounting system reference to international conventions to satisfy the new accounting system in China. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005) Third stage is from 1992 to 1997: Ministry of Finance and the National Committee of Economic Structure Reform jointly promulgated Accounting Regulations for Share Enterprises in 1992. Furthermore, Accounting System for Business Enterprises (ASBE) issued in November 1992. The ASBE was a major attempt both to unify the accounting systems used by different industries and to move financial accounting towards international accounting practices. Because of the development of foreign exchange markets, these regulations which made in 1985 were replaced by Accounting Regulations for Enterprises with Foreign Investments and Charts of Accounts and Accounting Statements for Industrial Enterprises with Foreign Investments in 1993. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005) The fourth stage is start from 1997 to present: the Accounting Standard Committee issued to establishing a complete set of accounting standard. The Accounting Law of the PRC which revised in 2000 is the highest level of authority which replaced the pervious law of 1992. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005)

Essay --

â€Å"As of 2012, approximately 400,000 people in the United States have been diagnosed with MS, with 10,000 new cases being diagnosed each year. Worldwide, MS affects between 1.5 and 2.5 million people.† (Davidson, Fallon, Slomski & Cataldo, 2013, p. 2228). With statistics like this many people have encountered individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this report is to describe in detail this disease and how MRI is the modality of choice to diagnose. The Disease MS is an autoimmune disease. This means that the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue. Immune cells attack and obliterate the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons found in the brain and spinal cord. Myelin is an important component of neurons because it acts as an insulator. Myelin sheaths help electric signals travel efficiently from the brain to areas of the body, and â€Å"speeds transmission and prevents electrical activity in one cell from short-circuiting to another cell† (Davidson et al., 2013, p. 2228). MS attacks these myelin sheaths and disrupts the efficiency of that signal. It can be compared to a radio transmission. When myelin is working properly, one can hear a clear broadcast. However, when myelin is attacked and destroyed the transmission is no longer clear. It is jarbbled, hence, it alters and disrupts the message. When myelin is destroyed it turns into scar tissue called a plaque. This plaque will appear as â€Å"small round areas o f gray neurons without the white myelin covering† (Davidson et al., 2013, p. 2228). Causes There is no known reason to explain why the body starts attacking its own myelin sheaths. Though there has been much research, researchers have not been able to pinpoint a trigger. However, through this resear... ...em, because cortical bone does not produce a signal in MRI. This area is often obscured on CT because of the beam hardening artifact. The use of gadolinium better differentiates and increases sensitivity in detecting lesions. Diffusion-weighted imaging also gives MRI the ability to determine the age of lesions or differentiate acute from chronic ischemic changes (Pierce & Dubose, 2012). In conclusion, MS is a disease affecting many individuals. It can shorten the individual’s lifespan, but many treatment options are available to help cope with the symptoms. MRI is an evolving modality as it was just introduced in the 1990s and many advances have been made in the past couple of years. MRI is more sensitive than CT in detecting changes in the white matter of the brain. That is why MRI is the modality of choice to help diagnose a case of Multiple Sclerosis.

Powerful Women and Submissive Women in Njal’s Saga and the Bible Essay

Ancient societies and their cultures traditionally provided women with no access to power. It was nearly universal for women to be treated as subservient to men while being expected to behave mildly and submissively. The New Testament makes no exception. The Apostle Paul explains that through Christ, women are absolved of constraints that the social hierarchy imposes on them, but he later goes on to explain that even in Christ a religious hierarchy still exists. By acknowledging that women are inferior to men in both the social and religious circles, Paul presents women as subordinates. This contrasts with Njal’s Saga. Through the saga’s characters Gunnhild, Hallgerd, and Bergthora, the unknown author presents the way Icelandic society treats women as property to men, and demonstrates women as powerful and influential characters who hold their individual desires to a higher degree to those of men; acting as catalysts of conflicts among men and the overall plot itself. In Njal’s Saga, the author introduces the Queen of Norway, Gunnhild, in the beginning of the story. Gunnhild’s position in society as a powerful character is demonstrated when she sends a servant for the traveling Icelanders, Hrut and Ozur, saying, â€Å"Tell them that I invite them both to spend the winter with me and that I want to be their friend. If Hrut listens to my advice I will look after his property claim†¦ I’ll also put in a good word for him with the king. † The two give their response when Ozur says, â€Å"It’s clear to me, kinsman, that we have already taken our decision, for I know Gunnhild: if we don’t go to her she will drive us from our land and grab all our possessions. But if we go to her she will show us the honour she has promised (Njal’s Saga, 7). â€Å" Rather than simply disregarding the woman and approaching the king, here the two Icelanders acknowledge a woman’s (Gunnhild’s) power to take away their possessions and act to avoid this from occurring. Additionally, Hrut and Ozur’s realization of the strategic benefit that follows when submitting to Gunnhild as well as the quoted promise suggests that they also acknowledge that Gunnhild may possess significant influence in decisions. This suggestion is eventually confirmed when she successfully convinces the King to accept Hrut as a bodyguard (Njal’s Saga, 8). Even though the King is the superior, Gunnhild still possesses the ability to influence him. Her influence demonstrates her ability to assume and exercise a degree of power. It is through her power that Gunnhild goes on to instigate a chain of events. After having Hrut as a lover for several seasons, Gunnhild reasserts her power when Hrut asks to return to Iceland. Though she lets him return, she sends a curse along with him. She says, â€Å"If I have as much power over you as I think I have, then I cast this spell: you will not have sexual pleasure with the woman you plan to marry in Iceland, though you’ll be able to have your will with other women. Neither of us comes out of this well, because you did not tell me the truth (Njal’s Saga, 13). † The curse she places on Hrut actually comes true (Njal’s Saga, 16). Hrut cannot please his wife and Gunnhild’s desire to hold a degree of dominance over Hrut is fulfilled. Because Hrut wants to please his wife but cannot, his desires are unfulfilled. This suggests that Gunnhild’s demands and desires are superior to those of men. It is the demands and desires of a woman that instigate events. The author immediately presents Gunnhild in the very first significant event of the Saga, as a woman with power. It is through this that it is ultimately suggested that the tone of behavior of women is established early in the saga. The behavioral tone set by Gunnhild is echoed through Hallgerd, Gunnar’s wife. Her desire to preserve her honor in the face of Bergthora, Njal’s wife, as well as her position of power allows her to trigger a series of conflicts. At a customary feast between the families of Njal and Gunnar, Hallgerd and Bergthora engage in an argument, attacking each other’s honor. Gunnar refuses to defend his wife, saying, â€Å"I’m going home, and it would be best for you to pick quarrels with your servants, and not in the dwellings of others. I’m in debt to Njal for many honours, and I’m not going to be a cat’s paw for you. When the time comes for the men to ride to the â€Å"Thing,† Gunnar tells Hallgerd, â€Å"Behave yourself while I’m away and don’t show your bad temper where my friends are concerned. † Hallgerd, thinking that Bergthora is plotting to steal excess wood from a forest shared between Gunnar and Njal, sends her servant, Kol, to kill Svart Bergthora’s servant who is innocently collect ing wood (he does so) (Njal’s Saga, 57-59). Here Gunnar clearly expresses his friendship with Njal and his disdain for his wife’s behavior. Even though Gunnar clearly commands his wife to not act against his friends, Hallgerd refuses to relinquish her anger and desire for honor and disregards Gunnar’s demands. Hallgerd’s desire to preserve her honor by causing the death of Svart demonstrates her ability to incorporate her desires into her decisions. Combined with her authority over her servants, she clearly possesses the ability to make crucial decisions. This particular decision results in the death of another’s family, which in turn instigates reoccurring conflict between Njal and Gunnar. It could be argued that women do not actually possess power because it is not exercised against the will of man when he is present, based on Gunnar’s absence during Hallgerd’s actions. This argument is rejected because the feud between Hallgerd and Bergthora still disregards their husbands’ demands to retain peace. Disregarding a man’s will, whether in his absence or not, indicates a lack of absolute authority over women. Because of this disregard, women appear to have authority over their own lives and decisions. Even Gunnar acknowledges this when he â€Å"said she would decide her own actions – ‘but I shall decide how the cases are settled (Njal’s Saga, 60). ’† This clearly demonstrates the husband’s inability to assert complete dominance over his wife, leaving only the decision of the consequences of the women’s actions to the men. Again, the desires of the women take precedence over the demands of the men. On the other hand, the Apostle Paul presents women as completely subordinate to men, expected to never act on their own desires and to submit to God and their husbands. Paul does this by establishing women’s inferiority in both the social and religious hierarchy. He first says, â€Å"For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus (Gal. 3:27-28). † Here Paul is acknowledging that in his society, like the Jews, Greeks, and slaves, women are repressed and that the following of Christ does not discriminate against these social restraints. Because there is no discrimination through Christ, it could be argued that Paul is preaching religious equality among women. However, he goes on to establish women’s inferiority even in religion. I want you to understand that Christ is the head of every man, and the husband is the head of his wife, and God is the head of Christ. Any man who prays or prophesies with something on his head disgraces his head, but any woman who prays or prophesies with her head unveiled disgraces her head†¦ For a man ought not to have his head veiled since he is the image and reflection of God; but woman is the reflection of man (Cor. 1:3-16). Here Paul clearly expresses that the religious hierarchy is as follows: God, then Christ, then man, and finally women. In that order Paul establishes a chain of command per se. Paul clearly places men above women in this hierarchy, which clearly indicates women’s inferiority to men in religion. His decree that women should wear a veil when prayin g or prophesizing is reflective of this hierarchy; the veil is a symbol of a woman’s subordination to man and therefore God. This means that equality in religion does not exist between men and women. Because Paul acknowledges that social restraints on women do in fact exist and because he establishes a religious hierarchy with men outranking women, it is assumed that Paul views women as generally inferior to men in both social and religious spheres. Although Paul’s letters to both the Galatians and the Corinthians do not refer to any specific women, they establish his expectations of women. Paul’s identification of women as both socially and religiously inferior creates a general air of inferiority for women, which contrasts with the women of Njal’s Saga who possess actual power over men, able to instigate events and conflicts between men. The women of Njal’s Saga are not totally confined to any kind of hierarchy , while those that Paul speaks of are. The role of women in varying societies has been a dilemma in today’s contemporary age. The increasing number of those who view women as independent and equal to men combats firm-standing traditions and cultures that expect women to behave as subordinates to men. Many religions to this day implement the same expectations (to be mild and submissive to men) of women that Paul shares in both their social and cultural, as well as their religious spheres. In other parts of the world women hold influential positions of power, from independent mothers to high-ranking political officers. The dilemma of the role of women in society is prominent in every society, forming a variety of societies due to their adherence to social and more often than not, religious customs.

How to Study for a Test the Night Before

How to Study for a Test the Night Before Youve procrastinated for who knows how long, and youre arriving at the point where, if you dont start studying now, youll go into the test with a head devoid of information. You probably know this already, but this happens to everyone. As long as you dont make a habit out of it, youre fine. Youll have a chance to reflect on what you did and why it was bad later on, now lets focus on getting you through the test with a passing grade. Get Your Space Ready If you can, go to a public space. Even though its been well-documented in the Internet that people can fall asleep pretty much anywhere, you should make sleeping an unappealing option by placing yourself as far away as possible from your bed. If you cant go to a cafe or library, make sure you make yourself as uncomfortable as possible to stave off sleep. Dont wear sweatpants, dont sit in a chair you can lay in, and stay as far away from pillows as possible. Clean your desk and use it. Get everything ready, including but not limited to: textbooks, notes, writing utensils, something to drink and something to snack on. Ideally, youll be sitting at this desk without getting up for awhile, so try and prepare everything beforehand. 50/10 You have to strike a balance between breaks and working, so set a timer for 50 minutes, and dont lift your head from that textbook before its up. As soon as times up, get up and move! Go to the bathroom, make some tea or just walk around for a bit to give yourself some energy. If youre using a computer, dont go on Facebook, Twitter or wherever else you prefer to waste time online. Youll no doubt end up in a content vortex and wont come out until an hour later. Theres no time to waste right now, so if youre using anything with a screen to study, just leave it for the duration of the break. Be Efficient When you have limited time to study, you cant afford to read all the chapters in-depth. If you encounter some information that you cant parse on your first read through and its not absolutely vital, it might be best to just move on. A lot of this process is basically going to be throwing information into your head, and hoping it sticks. Dont use a highlighter. All the highly relevant information is probably going to be bolded or highlighted in another way in your textbook. Highlighting is for when you need to find stuff in a wall of text for later use, and with the time constraints that youre under at most what you can hope is one thorough reading of the text. Yeah, it seems like some vague attempt at doing what students who dont need to cram do, but highlighters are not magical. After you finish each chapter, get a piece of paper and write down all the information that you think you will need when taking the test, in bullet point form, with headings and subheadings. This will do wonders for what information you retain, and youll quickly see what parts of the chapter youll need to revise to cover the gaps – if you have the time to do that, that is. Try these helpful memory improvement tecniques to memorize better! Go to Bed After youve done all your reading, drink a glass of water and head off for some sleep. Youll need at least a power nap before the exam, since coming in with your brain fried from all the information youve been cramming into it wont do any good. After waking up and getting ready, read through your notes. If you read the textbook, the stuff youve written down should bring up related information. See? Results! After its all over, take a look at how you got yourself in this situation. If you routinely have to cram for exams the night before, then its time to think about how you can reverse the habit. Resolve to always be on top of your reading and never turn in your homework late. Staying up all night to get a passing grade is a huge toll, and, in any case, barely passing every test you have shouldnt be the way you spend your time in college.

The eNotes Blog Celebrate Limerick Day Learn About EdwardLear

Celebrate Limerick Day Learn About EdwardLear There once was a man named Lear Who wrote poems  that pleased the ear, He lived long ago, But his name we do know, Because his work still brings us great cheer! –Kate Gawlowski Why do we love limericks? It might be  the light language, the funny words, and the clever rhymes, all nicely pieced together with a happy bit of nonsense. But limerick-lovers  today may not be immediately familiar with Edward Lear- though he is the man who championed the limerick over 150 years ago. (Believe it or not, there was a time before the creation of limericks, and it must have been a dark time at that.) May 12th would be Lears 204th birthday, and each year in honor of this author/artist, this day is known as Limerick Day. To help you celebrate, we encourage you to read on and learn a bit about this mans life (and maybe write a limerick or two- theyre oddly satisfying to compose since they dont really have to make any sense whatsoever). So without further ado, here are seven  things you didnt know about Edward Lear (prepare for a rather heart-wrenching list). He had a really big family- really, really big When you think of really big families, maybe you think of that family from the now-canceled TLC show  19 Kids and Counting. Well, okay, yes, that is a big family, but the Lear family had them beat, boasting a whopping  TWENTY. ONE.  Children.  Our favorite Lear, Edward, was the twentieth and second-youngest. Unsurprisingly, particularly during the 19th century, the family budget was stretched a little tight, and as a result, Edward and a couple other little sibs were sent away to live with their oldest sister, Ann (twenty-one years Edwards  senior). Ann and Edward formed a tight bond, staying closely in touch until Anns death at the age of seventy-one. He wasnt the healthiest Again, health troubles arent  a particularly surprising phenomenon when discussing the 19th century, but Lear had it particularly tough. By the time he reached age five, Lear was already a diagnosed asthmatic with a severe and ongoing case of bronchitis. Not long into his fifth year of life, Lear began to suffer from grand mal seizures, and continued to suffer from epilepsy for the remainder of his life. Lear was horribly embarrassed by his condition (though it was hardly uncommon in these days), and throughout his life learned how to identify the onset of a seizure, which he referred to as his demons, so as to take himself away from the company of others. He wasnt the happiest There are many reasons that we can speculate on as to why Lear was unhappy, ranging from his illnesses, his partial blindness, and his separation from his parents at a young age, but cryptic entries in a childhood journal lend us the suspicion that as a young boy, Lear was subjected to sexual abuse from an older cousin. Whatever the trigger, Edward suffered from chronic depression for the vast majority of his life (from childhood till death), in addition to his other health woes. Yes, this post is *mildly* sad. He initially made a name for himself as an illustrator More specifically as an ornithological illustrator- in other words, Lear was a fantastic bird painter. By the age of twenty, Lear was commissioned by Lord Stanley (later known as the thirteenth earl of Derby) to draw the birds of the eventual earls aviary. Over time, the artist became friendly with his hosts children and entertained them with silly sketches and the nonsensical poems that people would one day know and love as limericks. After a period of rapidly declining health, the earl sent Lear to a warmer climate to recuperate, and the man spent time traveling the Mediterranean. While perusing southern Europe, he spent the majority of his days sketching and painting the sites, and spent his leisure time reading and studying; by the end of his life, Lear had gained proficiency in no fewer than half a dozen languages. It is speculated that in addition to the interest he had in other cultures, this manic delving into study gave him peace of mind and a reprieve from the demons that haunted him. He had the travel bug From the moment the earl sent him southward, England ceased to be Lears home, at least in his heart. After almost immediately falling love with Italy, Lear apparently became restless and refused to stay in one place for long, preferring to travel to as many places as he could. Of course, he was not a particularly wealthy man, making only modest sums from his artwork (and at this juncture, nothing from his writing) and therefore he instead relied on the patronage of wealthier friends. When asked about his incessant traveling, Lear insisted that the influx of new sights spurred his creativity and allowed for more variability in his art and writing. Beyond that, it is inferred from journal entries, as well as the work he created in this time, that the gentleman legitimately enjoyed his travels and the escape they gave him from the isolating loneliness and depression he felt on a daily basis. He never married, for a number of reasons Lear never believed himself to be a popular man. Even as a child he suffered from a severe lack of self-esteem, considering himself too ugly and sickly to even deserve making true friends. As a result, the artist tried his hardest to become thoroughly independent, but his internal need for companionship kept him reaching out to friends, frequently writing as many as thirty letters before breakfast.* There are a number of reasons we can draw upon as to why Lear never married and started a family. The first and perhaps most obvious was his previously discussed, warped self-image, but there is also the distinct possibility that Lear preferred the company of men. Many journal entries indicate a physical and emotional attraction to other men, none more obvious than the intimacy between Lear and his  friend Franklin Lushington- though his feelings were not reciprocated in spite of their friendship. *The truly ironic and sad part of this lack of self-esteem is that in reality, his friends adored him, often wondering why such a sweet and charming man never settled down to marry. His work wasnt realllllllly appreciated in his time This can unfortunately be said about a great number of artists (though not Picasso, the lucky duck- people were enthralled by his work pretty much from the moment he started painting). Part of Lears lack of fame and fortune can certainly be attributed to the fact that he never really sought out recognition for his work, instead accepting low sums for his truly talented work  and initially creating his limericks for free,  though later in his life he bound many of them into books and had them published. That being said, like so many artists, his genius wasnt truly appreciated until he was gone and no more of his work could be created. Lear died alone  at age 76. He  was mourned by his many friends and, eventually, by his many fans.

Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Energy - Essay Example This should start with the governments, the institutions then the people themselves. The central role of the government should be to determine the energy consumption picture of their cities. They also have easy reach to their citizens and are better placed to know their needs and influence their behaviors. This is done dependent on the resources, different needs, development paths, mandates and power. An energy plan of a city should take into consideration of the resources it has and the particular need of its dwellers. For instance, in New York, the dwellers are reliant on the power grid and vehicles that are fueled by hydrocarbon and they are hesitant to adopt the small-scale distributed approach that entails a little more costs. Thus, the government can come up with policies that would make the citizens adopt to the sustainable energy options or it can subsidize the prices of the small-scale energy distribution approaches that they can afford. The institutions should also invest in technologies that reduce reliance on the fossil fuels or even the dirty coal. Institutions can do this y retrofitting building to make them sustainable in a way that it reduces its demand for energy. They should invest in renewable energy as it is becoming economically viable since it offers increase employment opportunities and it is cost effective. In addition, investments in renewable energy by institutions are vital since inaction will be high as compared to when action is taken. The energy sector is directly responsible for the climate change whose costs of adaptation are very high. For instance, the Sandy caused losses that were attributed to climate change and in action by the government unwillingness to act against climate change. This is why the Sandy has been highlighted as deeply seated fear due to the physical damage it wrought upon New York and New Jersey. The

Answer the question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Answer the question - Essay Example It is only logical to integrate the planned content and opportunities as well as the experience of students in defining curriculum. Adopting a broader definition of curriculum that includes the students’ experiences conforms to the experiential theory that supports experiential education. Experiential education requires curriculum developers to think broadly and develop workable principles that can determine what students learn and assess their feelings about the content delivered. In my opinion, experiential education prepares students for the workplace in a better manner. It represents a pragmatic move from the traditional philosophies to modern philosophies that consider the internal factors of an individual. There is a salient need for the curriculum to ensure that an individual experiences balanced development (Posner, 2003). Although individuals have varying experiences, curriculum definitions should seek to integrate the main views of students. In this way, education can ensure that students register intellectual development and develop social skills. My definition of curriculum conforms to the thi rd definition that gives attention to the students actual learning and does not limit itself to the plans developed by

Population Distributions - statistics lab report Essay

Population Distributions - statistics lab report - Essay Example This theory is based on the concept that a heart with small size will have smaller cardiac output as compared to the larger heart. Hence, this scientific theory proposes that the heart beat of the larger individual will beat slowly to meet the metabolic requirements. The above hypothesis will be examined by collecting a sample of short and tall individuals and identify whether there are significant differences in their heart beat rates. To prove this, an experiment will be conducted which will find out whether there are considerable differences in the heart rate of tall and short subjects. The experts in the field8 as have also emphasized that individuals who are physically fit have a higher stroke volume as compared to inactive individuals. This means that individuals having a poor physical condition will reach their maximum heart beat rate at a lower work level than individuals who are physically fit. Based on the above belief, a theory has been put forward that since physically fi t individuals have a higher aerobic capacity before reaching maximum heart rate therefore they will have a slower rate of increase in heart beat and a faster return to the resting return after the exercise. For the verification of aforementioned hypothesis, a controlled experiment will be conducted in which the subject’s heart rate before exercise and 15 minutes after exercise and then 30 minutes after exercise will be measured to know whether there are significant differences in the heart rate of individuals in the group. Null Hypothesis 1: Measurement of heart rate. Analysis of the data: a) Number of Subjects in each class Range Frequency 40-50 0 50-60 3 60-70 10 70-80 19 80-90 8 90-100 2 >100 0 b) Histogram Figure 1: Histogram of Heart Beats per Minute Median = 76 Mode = 80 Both the median and mode lie in the 70-80 subject group of the variable. c) The data for the given variable is spread symmetrically around the central location. It has a modal class. I expect the data t o be modal since most of the individuals will have a common heart beat rate with few exceptional cases. My expectations are supported by the graph of histogram as majority of the frequency of the data lies in the middle of set. d) Null Hypothesis: (There is no difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short subjects) Alternative Hypothesis: (There is a difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short subjects) Significance Level The hypothesis is to be performed at 5% significance level or 95% confidence level, so Critical Value The critical values for the two tailed test for with confidence level of are If the value of the t test statistic is lesser than -2.02 or greater than 2.02 than reject; otherwise do not reject. T-test Value: The data values for the small subject group and tall subject group are attached in the appendix (Table 1 and Table 2) Where By using formulas we calculate that (All the calculations are given in appendix) Where The value of t-test statisti c is -0.339 and it does not fall in the rejection region thus we do not reject the null hypothesis. The test results are not statistically significant at the 5% level; that is, at the 5% significance level, the data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that there is difference in the mean heart rate of the tall and short individuals. Null Hypothesis 2 and 3: Heart rate and recovery after exercise. a) Mean heart rate These are the class mean heart rates (beats per minute) Before Exercise 75.2 Directly After Exercise 124.8 After 1 Minute 105.9 After 5 Minutes

Effective Communication Essay Example for Free

Effective Communication Essay Effective communication is the backbone of any business organisation. Discuss. Communication can be defined as a two way process of reaching mutual understanding in which participants not only exchange(encode and decode) information but also create and share meaning. Effective communication is whereby the information send must be received and understood by the receiver in the way intended by the sender and the receiver has to send feedback to confirm the results. Managerial time is largely spent on face to face, electronic or telephone communication with subordinates, supervisors and customers. Views of organizational communication can be categorized as those that view organizational communication as one aspect of an organization versus those that see it as the underlying basis of the organization itself. An example of the former is exemplified by Drenth et al. 1998), who define communication as the sending and receiving of messages by means of symbols and see organizational communication as a key element of organizational climate. The latter viewpoint is reflected by Myers and Myers (1982:34) who define organizational communication as â€Å"the central binding force that permits coordination among people and thus allows for organized Behaviour,† and Rogers and Rogers (1976:3) who argue that â€Å"the behaviour of individuals in organizations is best understood from a communication point of view. The success of the organization greatly depends on the effectiveness of organizational communication, hence to a larger extent, communication can be regarded as the backbone of every business organization and therefore communication needs to be effective and also this is the reason why effective communication skills form vital part of a job requirement, are prerequisite for promotion to higher positions and are essential to all problem solving since they ignite enthusiasm, enhance motivation and hone traits of leadership. The success of an endeavour hinges on the ability to communicate effectively in todays fast paced life, everyone is asked to do more with less. In such a scenario effective communication holds the key. Effectively communication centres round the usage of words, speed of delivery of words, pitch modulation and body language. Using the right tools to communicate the right messages at the right time can salvage crises and motivate people to work towards success. Communication in an organization is inevitable. Departments communicate from time to time in respect to daily activities and the organizations relationship with the external world. It says what it intended via written and unwritten means, either planned or impromptu. It could be hierarchical, that is, from top to bottom or vice versa. It could be formal or informal; vertical, horizontal or diagonal. Whichever means, modes or types of communication, what matters is that communication takes place. At a most basic level, good communication is necessary to be able to follow instructions and to carry out roles. If a member of staff misunderstands what it is that they need to do and the basic functions and roles of the management could not be performed without communication. Planning, organizing, coordinating, budgeting, monitoring, controlling, staffing, delegation; and including marketing, production, financing, staffing (human resource managing), research and development, purchasing, and selling could not be well coordinated, harnessed and their goals achieved without communication Effective communication strengthens the organization’s existing relationships and helps the subordinates to form strong positive bonds in future interactions. In essence through communicating subordinates and management get to agree on certain specific performance standards to control and guide activity towards the attainment of the organization’s overall objectives. If there is poor communication, there lacks uniformity between the required performance and actual performance therefore if communication improves relationships, misunderstandings are reduced. Effective communication is related to self confidence therefore if the organization has in place proper channels of communication subordinates are motivated in the sense that they get feedback for information that would have been passed. If subordinates are given room to respond to instructions in any way, that is, by asking questions or even suggestive questions, it shows to them that they are involved as part of the organization and the sense of belongingness motivates employees. Motivated employees are productive, so in essence one can say effective communication motivates employees hence increases productivity of workers as it even facilitates delegation of duties, reducing overlapping responsibility and work overload. Finally communication increases job satisfaction. Communication facilitates decision making, if two directional communication is used, lower level managers getting a chance to be heard by top management with their work needs being met, proper organizational decisions can be made. Operational managers and their subordinates are believed to have a closer contact with customers and clients, therefore they know better what the customers need at a specific time and the proper decisions are made as to what should the organization do to meet the demands of the consumers(delivering the right merchandise to the right people at he right time and place). Communication also increases participation, that is, if a goal is communicated throughout the organization, the subordinates with the aim of achieving self esteem would want to participate in the attainment of the desired outcome motivated by the rewards they expect from participation, effort and performance(Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory). Production of defects is also reduced by effective communication. Subordinates usually work under instruction, that is, there should however be proper clarification on what really needs to be produced, boiled or roasted chicken. If there are no proper channels of communication, producers end up producing the products that are not required. Effective communication also facilitates coordination between individuals and departments within an organization (production department and the marketing team or the research and development department). Communication reduces and resolves conflicts, for instance resource allocation conflicts, the marketing department and the production department need to communicate well on how the finance department has allocated financial resources for their purposes, failure to communicate results in departmental conflicts. However it is through communication that both individual conflicts and departmental conflicts can be resolved. Leaders should create open communication and state clearly what they could have seen that, heard or experienced that would have influenced their views in the matter at hand as conflict often arises from misunderstanding and misconceptions of what people meant. Everyone allowed should then be allowed to say what is important to them (communicate openly) why is it important and what they are hoping for. Effective communication gives the subordinates the ability to express new ideas and therefore policies and standards can be easily formulated and monitored. For organizations that use budgeting as a planning tool, communication is needed in the process of formulating budgets since the process involves individuals from all departments (functions) to participate in the formulation of functional budgets. Communication helps ensure uniformity and timing of the budgets hence proper allocation of financial resources. Open communication increases trust among subordinates, that is, they will have shared agendas and objectives are revealed to everyone. Open communication is therefore preferable since the parties involved can scrutinize the message fro hidden agendas and meanings without trying to understand the message itself, hence creates supportive climates for subordinates, team building and team work and coordination. Managers use downward communication to direct, inform, coordinate and evaluate subordinates and also to provide job descriptions, rules and policies as well as procedures to the subordinates and the subordinates use upward communication to supply information to the upper levels about what is happening at the lower levels and this comes in form of questions feedback and suggestions. However in the process of communicating, the parties involved encounter certain barriers that may haunt communication, these may include differing perceptions, language, noise inconsistent verbal and non-verbal communication, emotionality, information overload, filtering of information and increased specialization as in lateral communication. Differing perceptions, that is when the receiver often sees or hears information depending on his/her needs, motivations, experience and background. Language refers to the words used, words mean different things to different people for example the term ‘short term’ in the research and development would mean six to nine years while in the hotel industry the period may range from four to six months. Language difference may also come in the form of jargon. Non-verbal communication is often accompanied by oral communication for example showing anger in the tone of the voice. Emotional reactions such as anger, jealous, hate and fear influence how we understand others’ messages. Information overload occurs when the information received exceeds the capabilities of the human information system, that is, when the subordinate is overloaded with reports, manuals, letters, memos, which he/she has to go through within a limited time as a result the subordinate will ignore some of the things or there will be delay on his part which will hinder communication within the organization. Information can be shortened or lengthened such that at the end the original information can be distorted. To sum up one can say that regardless of the above mentioned shortcomings communication remains the backbone of any organization since there are certain measures that can be put in place to overcome the barriers, some of which are that parties involved should carefully understand the background of each other and thoroughly explain the message, emphasizing and seeing the situation from the other person’s point of view to remove ambiguity in messages. Using simple language and ask for feedback, confirming and restating the main points of the message. Gestures, postures and facial expressions and other non-verbal communication should agree with the message. Subordinates should talk about their concerns and should pay special attention to what they say. Organizations can also introduce casual recreational activities so that managers can meet their subordinates on an informal basis for example organizing a sports day where organizational problems can be discussed on an informal basis. In general, removing communication in an organization, we are going to have dead entity, good for nothing and worth been shut down. Communication is the backbone for organizations success since it increases the will to work, skill to work, and thrill to work.